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BACKGROUND: As Koreans adopt more Westernized diets, consumer demands for processed food products are growing. The Korean government implemented a food labeling system to help people reasonably choose processed foods. This study investigated the utilization of these food labels among Koreans, as well as demographic differences between users and non-users of food labels, ultimately presenting foundational data for strategies to enhance dietary lifestyles by facilitating the use of food labeling. METHODS: Data from the 2014–2017 Community Health Survey were used. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was performed to investigate whether food labeling awareness and utilization increase over time; a data mining technique called decision tree analysis was then used to examine the effects of sociodemographic factors on the use of food labeling for each of the 4 years. RESULTS: Food labeling awareness increased by 4.5% over 4 years; the Cochran–Armitage trend test showed that this increase was statistically significant (χ2 = 1,068.21; P < 0.001). Food labeling utilization increased significantly but marginally, by 0.3%, over 4 years (χ2 = 20.154; P < 0.001). Decision tree analysis showed that food labeling users comprised mainly women in their 30s–50s currently in graduate school or with a graduate degree; the non-user group comprised mainly divorced/widowed/separated people in their 70s who were elementary school grads or below. CONCLUSION: Education level, which could be related to health literacy, substantially affected the use of food labeling. Education level is a typical socioeconomic index, and if people who are less educated tend not to use food labeling, it can lead to health inequity. Thus, food labeling should be reformed with consideration of health literacy among the less-educated social classes. From a health communication perspective, images and pictures can boost consumers' understanding, which should be considered to improve comprehensibility of food labeling.
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Female , Humans , Data Mining , Decision Trees , Diet , Education , Food Labeling , Health Communication , Health Literacy , Health Surveys , Korea , Life Style , Social ClassABSTRACT
The study is aimed at determine the content of anthocyanins and expressions of relative genes and activity of relative enzymes. The effects of flood stress on anthocyanins synthesis with relative genes and enzymes of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Hangju' were analyzed. The expression of CHS and the content of CHS presented the trend of first rising and after downward with the increase of flowering degree. The content of anthocyanins, the expression of DFR and the activity of DFR presented the trend of first downward and after rising with the increase of flowering degree. There was a positive correlation among anthocyanins,DFR gene and DFR. However there was no significant correlation among anthocyanins,CHS gene and CHS. Flood stress has significant effects on anthocyanins synthesis with relative genes and enzymes of Ch. morifolium cv. 'Hangju',but don't change the patterns of genes expression and anthocyanins and enzymes accumulation. DFR and DFR are the key gene and key enzyme of anthocyanins synthesis.
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The average yield of safflower blooming from 1 to 7 day was recorded and calculated, HPLC was used to detect the percentage composition of HYSA,quercetin,naringenin and kaempferol, and the real-time PCR was used to analyze the expression of chs and chi. The average yield,percentage composition of HYSA and naringenin as well as functional genes' expression presented similar trends. The average yield reached the highest peak at the third day, showing highpositive correlation with the contents of HYSA (r=0.756,P<0.05), and significant correlation with the expression of chi (r=0.892,P<0.01). The contents of naringenin showed a high positive correlation with the expression of chs(r=0.766,P<0.05). The study provides a theory basis for the composition and regulation mechanism of the flavonoid constituents and lays foundation for molecular mechanisms which lead to the difference of quality in C. tinctorius.
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As an important secondary metabolites of medicinal plant, flavonoids plays a very important role on itself including light protection and antioxidant. Light is one of the important environmental factors which impacts the secondary metabolites of plant and has a significant impact on biological synthesis of flavonoids. This paper reviews the recent progress of the effects of light on flavonoids on the plants focusing from light intensity and light quality, and summarizes briefly functions of the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) in plant secondary metabolism and the upstream key enzyme chalcone synthase (CHS) in flavonoid biosynthetic pathway.
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Objective: To obtain cDNA of chalcone synthase (CHS, EC 2.3.1.74) involved in the flavonoid/isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Methods: The partial sequence of CHS in Lycium barbarum (LyCHS) was successfully cloned by RT-PCR and using a sequence homology strategy, and the bioinformation analysis was carried out. Results: The cDNA fragment of CHS gene was 1148 bp in length, which encoded a protein of 382 amino acids with the predicted relative molecular weight of 4.168 × 104. The estimated isoelectric point (pI) of the putative protein is 6.22. According to the amino acid sequence and structural analysis, it showed that this protein contained one conserved active site, namely chalcone and stilbene synthases active site. Subcellular localizations of LyCHS proteins were likely in the cytoplasm. The secondary and tertiary structures of LyCHS were abundant in α-helixs (166) and random coils (126), while were less in β-turns (25) and extended strains (65). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the genes of LyCHS were closely related to CHS in Solanum pinnatisectum, S. tuberosum, and Lycopersicon esculentum. The sequences had been registered in GenBank with the accession numbers JQ964237. Conclusion: The present results provide the foundation for the next study of CHS gene about its expression and function in L. barbarum.
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Objective This article analyzed the characteristics of the health service in medium cities and the impact on community health service.Methods Summary and statistical analysis of the outcomes from the Fourth National Health Service Survey by the category of metropolitans,sub-provincial cities and provincial capital cities,and non-provincial-capital cities.Results In the medium cities,the geographical accessibility is high against low economic and technology accessibility.These cities have lower 2-week morbiditv rate but high children morbidity rate.These cities also feature high self-rated health status among residents and high health risk factors prevalence at the sarne time.Conclusion Medium cities are recommended to further build their CHS system,enhance their ties with larger cities,so as to elevate their technical competence,for meeting such public health needs of the people in infectious disease control,health promotion and vulnerable population healthcare.
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PURPOSE: To assess the effectiveness of additional fixation using a trochanter stabilizing plate for the case of an unstable intertrochanteric fracture of the femur. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between February 2003 and February 2009, one hundred twenty-one consecutive patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures were treated with CHSs and a TSP with or without additional screws and wiring. The follow up period was an average of twenty-eight months (range: six to sixty-one months). The fractures were classified according to the Jensen classification. We retrospectively evaluated the fracture healing time, the sliding length, the incidence of fixation failure and clinical failure, and the functional recovery. RESULTS: The mean time to radiologic bony union was 16.2weeks. The average amount of lag screw sliding was 8.4 mm. Overall, 119 of 121 patients had bony union and 2 patients showed nonunion. Mechanical failure was noted in 5 patients and 8 patients showed clinical failure. Ninety-four patients (78%) had at least returned to their pre-fracture level of walking ability. CONCLUSION: Fixation with compression hip screws (CHSs) and a trochanter stabilizing plate (TSP) for treating unstable intertrochanteric fracture of the femur seemed to be helpful for decreasing excessive sliding and the rate of fixation failure. Short barrel CHSs and TSP fixation with additional screws and wiring are necessary for treating unstable intertrochanteric fracture of the femur, and especially for the cases with a large posterior greater trochanteric fragment or a displaced lesser trochanter.
Subject(s)
Humans , Femur , Follow-Up Studies , Fracture Healing , Hip , Hip Fractures , Incidence , Retrospective Studies , WalkingABSTRACT
Plant phenolic compounds form a valuable resource of secondary metabolites having a broad spectrum of biological activities. Type III polyketide synthases play a key role in the formation of basic structural skeleton of the phenolic compounds. As a group of medicinal plants, PKSs with novel features are expected in the genome of Zingiberaceae. The genomic exploration of PKS in Alpinia calcarata conducted in this study identified the presence of an unusual intron at the region forming the second exon of typical PKSs, forming a gateway information of distribution of novel PKSs in Zingiberaceae.
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PURPOSE: The circular stapled hemorrhoidopexy (SH) reduces mucosal prolapse and interrupts the end branches of the upper hemorrhoidal artery through a suitable instrument, Procedure for Prolapse and Hemorrhoids (PPH). However, there are some technical difficulties in routine use of the circular anal dilator (CAD). The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and the safety of a CSH without use of a CAD. METHODS: Between April 2005 and November 2006, 250 patients with Grade III and IV prolapsed hemorrhoids who had undergone CSH with PPH without using a CAD were retrospectively analyzed. The sex and age, the operation time, the type of anesthesia, the number of excised hemorrhoid piles, the degree of hemorrhoids and postoperative pain (consumed analgesics), the hospital stay, the postoperative complications, and the number of follow-up examinations at the outpatient clinic were analyzed. RESULTS: The operation time was 17.76 minutes (10~35 minutes). Most patients (89%) experienced spinal anesthesia. The degrees of hemorrhoids were Grade III (45%) and Grade IV (55%). The numbers of excised piles were 3 (44%), 4 (43%), and more than 5 (13%). The number of consumed postoperative analgesics was 0.97 times (mean). The mean hospital stay was 2.83 days. The postoperative complications were pain, bleeding, and urinary retention. CONCLUSIONS: A CSH without use of a CAD was an effective and safe surgical modality compared with other procedures for treating hemorrhoids. This procedure is feasible and convenient. The procedure is a new alternative in the treatment of severe hemorrhoids.
Subject(s)
Humans , Ambulatory Care Facilities , Analgesics , Anesthesia , Anesthesia, Spinal , Arteries , Follow-Up Studies , Hemorrhage , Hemorrhoids , Length of Stay , Pain, Postoperative , Postoperative Complications , Prolapse , Retrospective Studies , Urinary RetentionABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate trochanter stabilizing plate and compression hip screw can prevent excessive impaction and cutting-out in unstable intertrochanteric fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty-one patients with intertrochanteric fractures were treated between December 1999 and March 2002. Of the patients, twenty-four patients were treated with an additional TSP on the CHS. Nineteen patients were followed for more than six months. The fractures were classified according to the AO classification. Impactions of compression lag screw were measured immediate postoperatively and postoperatively three months later on simple radiographs. Functional results were followed Salvati-Wilson assessment score at postoperative six months later. RESULTS: The group consisted of seven men and twelve women, and the mean age was 73 years. Two were classified as A2.2, six A2.3, one A3.2, and ten A3.3 fractures. Mean impaction was 5.4 mm (range 1.8 to 11.4 mm). Functional results were excellent in 32% and good in 53%. Eighteen patients had healed after operation. One complication required a bipolar hemiarthroplasty due to cutting-out of lag screw. CONCLUSION: In three-part and four-part intertrochanteric fractures with lateral cortex breakage or vertical fracture in greater trochanter, the addition of TSP to CHS can prevent abductor muscle weakness due to fracture impaction, limb shortening and additional lateral cortical fracture. It also helps early weight bearing and bone healing.
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Female , Humans , Male , Classification , Extremities , Femur , Hemiarthroplasty , Hip Fractures , Hip , Muscle Weakness , Weight-BearingABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces sunburn, immune suppression, and various pigmentary disorders. Sunscreens are widely used to protect those untoward effects by UV but there are reports of phototoxicity or stability problems of sunscreens after exposure to UV. OBJECTIVE: We tried to compare sunscreens with different photostability in terms of their protection against various biologic responses like sunburn, immune suppression or pigmentation. METHODS: Three different sunscreens with SPF around 30 were used; Sunscreen-A (Sc-A) was photochemically inert, sunscreen-B (Sc-B) showed intermediate level of photostability, and sunscreen-C (Sc-C) was the least stable. To observe their in vivo effects, we measured sunscreen-protection against sunburn by back-skin swelling and sunburn cell formation, against immune suppression measured by depletion of Langerhans cells, local and systemic suppression of contact hypersensitivity (CHS), and against pigmentation by irradiation with mixed light source with UVA and UVB lamps that mimic solar UV spectrum. RESULTS: Back skin swellings by 5 kJ/m2 of UVB were protected well by sunscreens, but protection of Sc-C against 50 kJ/m2 of UVB was worse than Sc-A or Sc-B. Sunburn cells were increased significantly in mice irradiated with 5 kJ/m2 of UVB and it was protected by sunscreens, and the effect of photostability was minimal. Depletion of epidermal Langerhans cells by 5 kJ/m2 of UVB was protected completely by sunscreens. Local suppression of CHS by 5 kJ/m2 of UVB was protected by sunscreens, and Sc-A had better protection. But, in the experiment with 50 kJ/m2 of UVB, the protective efficacy was reversed; Sc-A showed worse protection. Systemic suppression of CHS by 10 kJ/m2 of UVB was protected well by sunscreens, and Sc-A had better protection and Sc-C had worse protection. In the experiment irradiated with 100 kJ/m2 of UVB, the protection of sunscreens was decreased, and Sc-B showed better protection, whereas Sc-C showed worse protection. In UV-induced pigmentation, all three sunscreens showed significant protection both by L* value and individual topographic angle (ITA) with the best protection by Sc-A and the worst protection by Sc-B. CONCLUSION: These data showed sunscreens can protect various in vivo responses and photostability of sunscreens played important roles particularly in the back-skin swelling and systemic suppression of CHS by high dose of UVB.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Dermatitis, Contact , Dermatitis, Phototoxic , Langerhans Cells , Pigmentation , Skin , Sunburn , Sunscreening AgentsABSTRACT
The theoretical of traditional Chinese medicine is consistent with the thinking concepts of the CHS institutions and to carry out Traditional Chinese Medicine service in CHS institutions can serve the improvement of people's health and promote the development of CHS institutions. In this paper, the necessity and feasibility of developing Traditional Chinese Medicine service in CHS was analyzed.
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BACKGROUND: The species of dermatophytes have been identified and classified by morphological and biochemical characterization as well as by mating experiments. But these techniques are either time consuming or lacking specificity. Recently molecular analysis has been introduced to the field of medical mycology. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the phylogeny and taxomomy of the dermatophytes using sequence analysis of the chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) gene. METHODS: 15 species of dermatophytes (6 strains of T.rubrum, 4 strains of T. mentagrophytes subtypes, M. canis, M. gypseum, E. floccosum, T. verrucosum, and T. tonsurans) were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose broth and their DNA were extracted by bead-beating method. Cloning and sequencing of PCR product were done. RESULTS: The size of specific bands among dermatophytes was 615 bp in CHS1 gene. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences revealed that 6 strains of T. rubrum showed genetically identical pattern in intraspecies, but subtypes of T. mentagrophytes were different. The other dermatophytes showed different pattern in interspecies. CONCLUSION: The phylogenetic analysis of CHS1 gene provided useful information for classification and understanding the evolution of dermatophytes species.
Subject(s)
Arthrodermataceae , Chitin Synthase , Chitin , Classification , Clone Cells , Cloning, Organism , DNA , Glucose , Mycology , Phylogeny , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sensitivity and Specificity , Sequence AnalysisABSTRACT
To establish a new method for the determination of chondroitin sulfate. The method was based on the interaction of sodium chondroitin sulfate with 4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole to yield a violet product, 6-mercapto-3-substituted-s-triazolo-\[4,3-b\]-s-tetrzaine derivatives. Absorbance at 540 nm obeyed Beer's Law within the concentration range from 0.1 to 1.0 g?L~(-1)and the results were precise and accurate. The method was operationally simple and had a good precision and sensitivity.
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Ia antigen (HLA-DR in rnan) is confined to the Langerhans cells and indeterminate cells in the normal epidermis in man. However the keratinocyte express la antigen in a variety of dermatoses. IFN-r (irnmune interfcron), known as macrophage activating factor, has been shown to induce Ia antigen expression in a wide variety of cell types. However the Ia antigen induced by 1FN-r is inhibited PGE2, a product of cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. LTB4, a product of lipoxygenase pathway, can replace the IL-2 requirement for IFN-r production in the lymphocytes. There are three main morphalogical patterns of Ia antigen staining in the epidennis. Staining of the basal cells, staining in the mid epidermis in Malphigian layer and staining throughout the epidermis. The staining of Ia' keratinocyte was found to be confined to the lesional area of contact hypersensitivity reaction, graft vs host disease, and lichen planus. la+staining to extend beyond the lesional area was also seen in the study on turberculosis and leporsy.
Subject(s)
Arachidonic Acid , Dermatitis, Contact , Dinoprostone , Epidermis , Graft vs Host Disease , Histocompatibility Antigens Class II , Interleukin-2 , Keratinocytes , Langerhans Cells , Leukotriene B4 , Lichen Planus , Lipoxygenase , Lymphocytes , Macrophages , Metabolism , Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases , Skin DiseasesABSTRACT
CsA per os during the early sensitization period caused potentiation of 14-day shin response and this response was enhanced in group D, CsA given on days 3 7 Thereafter, suppression of CHS began in group E, CsA was given on days 6- 1G, and this tendency continue to the time of full sensitization of guinea pigs (group G). 27701173 We report herein a case of alopecia mucinosa in a 46-year-old male. He had a coin-sized erythematous hairless plaque on the parietal area. Histopathologic examinations, including much stains, showed typical findings of alopecia mucinosa. Thc present case, appeared on the scalp, might be an acute benign type of the disease.